Do Not Go Gentle Into The Night - 954 Words

â€Å"Life, no matter how we choose to look at it, is a constant battle. It is the beginning of a struggle that continues until we breathe our last breath† There are many poems representing death affirms individuality and freedom spirit of poets, poems can let many people experience the scream before the death. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into the Night,† by Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Not Waving but Drowning,† by Steve Smith, and â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† by A.E. Housman all built around the sadness theme----Death â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into the Night† was written by Dylan Thomas in the year 1945 when his father was seriously sick. The main theme in this poem is a protest beside the idea of accepting death quietly. This is a type of villanelle poem. It usually expressed patrolman well as idyllic feelings in imitation of Italian villanelle. For instance it should six stanzas and the first five stanzas should have three lines and the last stanza should hav e four stanzas. The first and the last line in the first stanza must be repeated in other stanzas for instance the first line Do not go gentle into that good night is repeated in all other stanzas and also Rage, rage against the dying of the light which is the third line in the first stanza and is also repeated in all the other stanzas (Popp, Harold, 35). Moreover, the poet used many symbolism to represent death, â€Å"Night† is a symbol of death. â€Å"close of day† symbolizes forthcoming death. â€Å"Sad height† symbolizes closeness of death. The poem â€Å"Do Not GoShow MoreRelatedDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night1069 Words   |  5 Pages In â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night,† poet Dylan Thomas uses nighttime as a metaphor for death, and anguishes over his father’s willing acceptance of it. He urges his father to â€Å"Rage, rage against the dying of the light,† i.e. the onset of night, or as it is used here, death. This poem is one of the most famous villanelles every written in the English language. A villanelles is 19 lines long, consisting of five stanzas of three lines each and concluding with a four line stanza. A villanellesRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night1140 Words   |  5 Pagespoem, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night. This well-known poem discusses death, and the speaker’s belief that one should fight against â€Å"the dying of the light† (Meyer, 247). He ends the poem by addressing his father, and urges him â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light.† (Meyer, 248). The Poem itself is structured into six stanzas, each consisting of three lines, accept the last which consists of 4 lines. The opening stanza begins with the line, â€Å"Do notRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night1115 Words   |  5 PagesDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Finn Andersson Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas explores death and how those facing it should fight for their lives because death is a heartbreaking subject to him. The writer is addressing his father and pleads him to resist the power of death as it would be devastating if the father was to die from the writers perspective. Throughout the poem, Thomas writes about different traits of men. Some aspects include wiseRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night.1002 Words   |  5 Pagestopics for poetry throughout literary history. Dylan Thomas, an early twentieth century poet, also tackled this difficult idea with his poem, Do not go gentle into that good night. By utilizing contrast and comparisions, this villanelle serves as an exploration and attempted explanation both for the reader and Thomas. Do not go gentle into that good night is arranged in the villanelle format; consisting of nineteen lines that form five tercets and a quatrain, the first and third lines of the firstRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night1555 Words   |  7 PagesThomas wrote â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† as a counter argument against the prevailing attitude most have towards death because he felt it was important to not be resigned and docile to death. He defies conventional norms within the poem to illustrate that nothing should be accepted at face value, that even events such as death should be met with resistance. This can be seen in Thomas deliberate misuse of words. For instance, he could have used gently instead of gentle in the title, butRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night964 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† Dylan Thomas amplifies the human spirit by the usage symbolism and metaphors to reveal internal str uggles that we may face in life, as well as the loss of a loved one, something that we all can relate to. While trying to encourage his father to fight for his last moments in life, the poet uses the â€Å"night† as a symbol for death. Another symbol that is used is the word â€Å"gentle† and â€Å"Old,† these words give meaning that the old should not go so easily intoRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night890 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The fight that is life† is the common theme represented in all three of the following poems, â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† by Dylan Thomas, â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings† by Maya Angelou and â€Å"Invictus† by William Ernest Henley. This essay will analyze these three poems in detail to find similarities and differences between them. The three aforementioned poems seem to have more differences than similarities between them. Such as in â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings,† which is aboutRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night866 Words   |  4 PagesUpon first reading, one can easily tell that there are several differences and similarities between Thomas’ â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† and Byron’s â€Å"On This Day I Complete My Thirty-sixth Year†. Just by reading the titles, one could tell that one similarity may be death and a difference would be how whoever goes into said inevitable event. A few of those differences and similarities that will be mentioned will be between the themes of each poem, the moods, and setup, among a couple ofRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pages Do not go gentle into that good night: A look at man’s mortality By Robert Smith English 175-01 Lucas Brown Tuesday/Thursday 1:00 p.m. – 2:15 p.m. 10 November 2016 â€Æ' The vast majority of people today, though not always acknowledged, fear death and the great mystery of what comes next. Dylan Thomas’ poem â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† (1952) addresses this fear, only his point of view is from that of a loved one directed toward someone at deaths doorstep. The theme of â€Å"Do not go gentleRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night893 Words   |  4 Pageschooses to do so, rhyme can also be used. Dylan Thomas was a poet most famous for his poem â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night.† The poem is an example of a poetic form called villanelle which is a nineteen-line poem with at least two words that rhyme in each stanza. Thomas wrote this poem during the time of his father’s illness which was his way of encouraging his father to hang on and that life is too precious to give up on that quickly. As the theme of â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† is revealed

ANA Code of Ethics - 1214 Words

ANA Code of Ethics Introduction In the field of nursing, the ANA Code of Ethics is designed to provide specific bylaws that will influence the practices of health care professionals inside the industry. However, there are different advocacy campaigns that will have an impact on how it is interpreted and applied. In the case of advocacy for population health, these issues mean that there could be moral dilemmas faced in the process (most notably: lifestyle choices and their impact on the individual). (Butts, 2012) To fully understand what is happening requires studying provisions 7, 8 and 9. Then, examining how this will affect the campaign. This will be accomplished by explaining any ethical dilemmas that may arise, analyzing applicable reporting requirements and evaluating special challenges. Together, these elements will highlight how these guidelines are impacting the advocacy for population health efforts. (Butts, 2012) Explain any ethical dilemmas that could arise during your advocacy campaign, and how you would resolve them. Provisions 7, 8 and 9 of the ANA Code of Ethics are concentrating on a number of areas. The most notable include: advancing the profession through knowledge / development of high standards, taking into consideration the health needs of various stakeholders, asserting values / social reforms and maintaining intraprofessional integrity / collective responsibility. These different areas are designed to provide a foundation of dealing withShow MoreRelatedThe Ana Code Of Ethics1102 Words   |  5 PagesUpon entering the hospital setting, a nurse must ruminate on his or her three obligations – client, peer, and society. While each of these three facets obtains a basis in the ANA Cold of Ethics, they retain diverse levels, types, and severity of obligations. In this case study, Sue, a staff nurse at Holy Christ Hospital, discovers herself in a dilemma between her obligations to a patient and her obligations to a colleague. Jessica, a colleague, miscalculated the insulin dosage of a patient and failedRead MoreThe Ana Code Of Ethics886 Words   |  4 Pagesusing the STOP Model: â€Å"S† is for standards. There are policies and procedures put in place for a reason, to set standards in the medical field. In this case I am sure there are many requirements on how to handle a newly deceased patient. The ANA Code of Ethics is just one place to look at for standards nurses should follow in this case. This way the patient can be treated ethically and how he deserves. â€Å"T† is for thorough. At this point the nurse needs to step back and look at the situation. One doesRead MoreThe Ana Code Of Ethics932 Words   |  4 PagesHello class, After reading the ANA code of ethics there are various aspects that can relate back to nursing informatics. However, the main sections I would like to discuss would be; provisions two, three, seven, eight and nine. Provision two in the ANA code of ethics states that the nurses primary commitment is to the patient (NursingWorld). This relates back to nursing informatics because is clearly shows the importance of patient centered care. This also relates to clause 1.4 in provision oneRead MoreAna Code of Ethics Summary Essays919 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction There are nine provisions included in the ANA code of ethics. The provisions can be broken into three categories. The first category is the nurse’s ethical responsibilities to her patient which is provisions one through three. Second is the nurse’s obligation to herself, provisions four through six. The third ethical requirement for nurses is related to their relationship to the nursing profession, community, nation, and world overall. This focus is summarized in provisions sevenRead MoreThe Ana Code Of Ethics And Professional Standards Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision makers involve what they perceive as right, and ethical universalism, which represented the concepts that are the foundation of the ANA Code of Ethics and Professional Standards (Marquis Huston, 2015a). These concepts become difficult to decipher when considering legal ethics like negligence, malpractice, and libility interfere with the moral ethics of an individual. A law clearly defines expectations establishing wrong-doings as displayed in the Nurse Practice Act for each state (MarquisRead MoreThe American Nurse Association ( Ana ) Code Of Ethics1263 Words   |  6 Pagesand how it has affected my personal perspective on the issue. Provision three of the American Nurse Association (ANA) Code of Ethics states that the nurse promotes, advocates for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient. Within this standard, it specifies that nurses have a professional responsibility in promoting a culture of safety (American Nurse Association [ANA], 2015). As nursing students, we have the privilege of working with nurses in different departments during clinicalRead MoreThe American Nurses Association ( Ana ) Code Of Ethics Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Provision 8 of the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics, â€Å"The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public to protect human rights, promote health diplomacy, and reduce health disparities.† (American Nurses Association, n.d.). Therefore, nurses and other healthcare workers must set aside any preconceived notions about a populace in order to provide equal care amongst all populations. This includes patients who are HIV positive. Nurses and healthcare workersRead MoreHow Ana Codes Of Ethics Affect Nursing Practice1084 Words   |  5 PagesCode of Ethics According to the American Nursing Association, â€Å" Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (Association, Scope and Standards of Practice, 2010). In the case scenario, a middle aged man is admitted to the hospital because of his bleeding ulcer. He isRead MoreANA Code of Ethics Provision Five Review Essay869 Words   |  4 Pages The main points of provision five of the ANA code of ethics are as follows: section 5.1, which is moral self-respect, suggests that nurses must care for themselves as much as they care for their patients. Nurses must do their best to maintain professional respect to themselves in regards of their competence and moral character. Section 5.2, which is professional growth and maintenance of competence, suggests that nurses must continue to self and peer evaluate themselves throughoutRead MoreEthical Issues Regarding The American Nurses Association ( Ana ) Code Of Ethics1787 Words   |  8 Pagesinto play when providing pediatric patient care: parents’ knowledge, cultural and religious practices, and the pediatric patient’s knowledge of their disease. Therefore, it is essen tial for nurses to follow the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics to carry out nursing responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession. In this paper I will discuss the ethical issues that deal with a fourteen year old boy with Cystic Fibrosis

Mergers and Acquisitions In and Out of Emerging Economies

Question: Describe about the Mergers and Acquisitions In and Out of Emerging Economies. Answer: Arbitration and litigation 1. The difference between arbitration and litigation are as follows: In arbitration, the parties seek to resolve the dispute through a third person whom they themselves choose for resolving the dispute. This third person is known as an arbitrator and he decides the case after hearing both the parties. Thus arbitration is a private way of resolving dispute between the parties. In case of litigation, the dispute between the parties is resolved by a public court. An impartial judge sits in the Courtroom who decides the case after hearing both the parties. Therefore, litigation involves settlement of a dispute through a public forum. The steps which are missing in arbitration but are present in litigation are as follows: The parties have no say in the selection of judge in a litigation process. In litigation, full disclosure of the relevant evident are required. iii. In litigation, parties usually have a right to appeal. 2. If the parties to arbitration instead went to court, then the steps which the parties would have to take are as follows: Hire an attorney: The parties need to hire their own attorneys who would manage the entire case. Filing of the case: The attorney of the plaintiff would break all the information into legal writing and after that a case would be filed. The answer: Once the case is filed by the plaintiff, the other party i.e. the defendant would give a reply to the original filing of the case. Interrogatories: A list of questions would then be prepared by the attorney. Answer to the interrogatories: the parties would then be required to give answers to all the questions. Objections and Discoveries: Objections are raised against the questions whereas discovery relates to the inspection of documents. Mediation ordered by Court: An order would be given by the Court to settle the matter through mediation. If the matter could not be settled by first or second attempts of mediation, then a trial would take place (Feutrill, 2013).3. It is undeniable that there are certain repeat players or certain employers who repeatedly use the forum of private forum of arbitration to win their cases. Statistics show that the repeat players almost win all the disputes which are raised before an arbitration forum. The consumer or an employee has a very less chance of getting a favourable decision while going against the repeat players. Therefore, the arbitration forum which is considered to be a good alternative to an expensive litigation process has proved to be a disappointment to the consumers or the employees. There is undeniably a biasness inherent in the system of arbitration and it is the need of the hour to remove these biasness from the arbitration process; otherwise people would lose faith in this process itself. One way in which the problem related to these repeat players may be overcome is t o get the process thoroughly scrutinized by the Courts and make sure that justice is not sold but earned (Lo, 2012). Merger and acquisition Merger or acquisition is the process through which an organisation seeks to expand and grow its business. The factors which are considered in the process of merger and acquisitions are as follows: The company culture needs to be considered. Different organisations have different working culture. It has to be seen whether the merger or acquisition would be compatible with the working culture of the organisation. Due diligence has to be observed by an organisation before entering into a process of merger or acquisition. It has to be seen whether the target company would fit in the organisational strategy of the acquiring company. In case of cross border mergers or acquisitions the legal, political, economical and cultural factors also ned to assessed carefully so as to make sure that the mergers or acquisitions taking place would be beneficial to the companies and would help them to grow and expand their business (Lebedev et al., 2015). Banks, E-Money, and Financial Reform Not many people around us use cash. The reasons behind the world going cashless may vary. Some of them do not feel secured about the way cash is carried, as the fear of theft is associated with cash. However, there are associated payments of charges if the decision of the world has decided to go cashless. Thus, people feel more secured in using debit cards, credit cards and electronic transfer rather than using cash for transactions. Alternatives such as Virtual Wallet, Apple or Google Pay are better alternatives than cash as these are free applications that allow us to keep money save and secure without the interference of any third party (Ngu et al., 2015). Bitcoin is a kind of network that allows a new payment system making transactions digital. This decentralised payment network allows the authority to consider payment of money via internet. References: Feutrill, M. (2013). Arbitration v litigation. Brief, 40(10), 16. Lebedev, S., Peng, M. W., Xie, E., Stevens, C. E. (2015). Mergers and acquisitions in and out of emerging economies. Journal of World Business, 50(4), 651-662. Lo, A. (2012). Too Much Privacy for Repeat Players? The Problem of Confidentiality Clauses and a Possible Solution. The Problem of Confidentiality Clauses and a Possible Solution (May 31, 2012). Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal, 5(1), 149-63. Ngu, M., Scott, C. (2015, April). How secure are contactless payment systems. In RSA Conference, San Francisco, USA.

Values Portrayed in Popular Media

Introduction Background of the study There is no doubt that the means of communication and information flow have changed over the years. For instance, in the past, one could expect church sermons, political oratory, and the life-time knowledge of community elders to be the major sources of information in many cultural set-ups.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Values Portrayed in Popular Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, as time goes by, the influence of such information sources is diminishing with the increasing popularity and confidence in different forms of popular media such as television, books, magazines, social networks, and news networks among others. Thus, besides education and religion, popular media forms such as television, books, magazines, and social networks provide mechanisms for the distribution of images and messages, which in the long run form a symbolic environment for cer tain beliefs and behaviors (Dana, 2009, p. 3; Striphas, 2003). Accordingly, studies document that the images, messages, and values portrayed through different forms of popular media permeate and shape the cultural attitudes, expectations, beliefs, and perceptions in the contemporary society (Allchin, 2009; Dana, 2009, p. 4). Considering that one’s beliefs affect behavior in different ways, there is evidence to suggest that popular media forms the basis of the positive and negative behaviors noticeable among the youth, women, and other groups in the present day society. Here, it is apparent that if popular media forms are used to deliver falsehoods, myths, indoctrinations, and propaganda, then the repercussions are bound to be catastrophic. Besides, there is evidence to show that the spread of negative or harmful messages through popular media forms has been the major cause of world wars, mass genocides, and increased criminal activities, and thus, placing the future of human civilization at stake. A rich literature, which identifies and describes different values in the society by analyzing various forms of popular media such as advertisements and television programming, has been presented in many research studies. However, most studies tend to be biased towards the description and identification of values, and very few studies have been published that investigate the influence of the values portrayed in the popular media on their target audiences. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are aimed at reviewing the available peer-reviewed literature to show that the values portrayed in popular media can be implicated in the emergence of negative behaviors and beliefs in the contemporary society.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given the limited literature on this topic, this paper is timely, and therefore it will contribute to the avai lable literature. As a result, it is hypothesized that the values portrayed through popular media will directly influence the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the target audience when there are inconsistencies in their own cultural/social values. Discussion Methodology Using the Ashford Online Library and other search engines such as Google Scholar, six academic and peer-reviewed articles were selected on the basis of their relevance to the topic, the credibility of the authors, and their contribution to the current research. Subsequently, empirical scientific evidence, quotes from renowned scientists and newsmakers, and critically analyzed research findings were used to support the hypothesis and build on the preceding discussions. Analysis of the Research Findings According to Dana (2009, p. 62), the Television is the most preferred source of information used to cultivate the predispositions that in the past were obtained from education and religion. For example, Oprah Winfreyâ⠂¬â„¢s talk-show has done extra-ordinary things for women who form the largest audience for the show all over the world. The talk-show promotes the Oprah Winfrey’s Book Club, which focuses on women with the aim of creating an economically-oriented cultural value surrounding books and reading (Striphas, 2003, p. 295). It is apparent that the success of the Book Club in part has over the years used a crafty communication strategy whereby Oprah, participants, and other promoters communicate the value of their selection of books to a specific group of their target audience, women. Here, the literary considerations surrounding the books are de-emphasized to ensure that women engage in reading volumes of books to distance themselves from the demands and worries of the socioeconomic environment whose stratification is claimed to favor more men than women (Striphas, 2003, p. 297). It then follows that the Book Club encourages the consumption of media genres and popular media forms ta rgeting women such as romance and gothic novels, girl’s magazines, popular music and dance, soap operas, and other television programming. To this end one is left wondering why so many women draw comfort from such popular media texts. Accordingly, many feminist scholars may claim that such texts give women pleasures that they cannot get anywhere or maybe they reflect their everyday lives (Striphas, 2003, p. 299). Equally, many feminist scholars will avoid shedding some light on any political possibilities and implications, which may arise from the negative messages and propagandas, reflected in contemporary novels on women issues including protest, resistance, and the social construction of a woman as a needy and oppressed human being who needs to free herself from her oppressors. In most of her television broadcasts, Oprah is famous with using abstract comments such as, â€Å"a walapalooza of a book†¦Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Valu es Portrayed in Popular Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is 500 and some pages†¦Actually, it is 546, which is wonderful for the summer, because I did not want you to, like, just breeze through it and then have to complain to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when describing some of her book selections (Striphas, 2003, p. 300). These and many more absurd comments tend to avoid the contentious issues surrounding the criteria for book selection, the book content, and the implications of reading too much of such books. Another array of absurd, irrelevant, and superficial content is very much evident in most science textbooks used in most schools and colleges. Science is a subject that encompasses different disciplines ranging from mathematics, chemistry, biology, zoology, psychology, and geology among others. The fundamental feature that brings all these subsections of science together is the claim made by most scientists that science entail s factual evidence but not values (Allchin, 2009, p. 1; Heilmann, 2001). This claim is misleading considering that science is very much reliant on epistemic and cultural values in practice, and thus it is normal that these values are bound to be redistributed from the society to science and vice versa. For instance, individual scientists borrow from their cultural beliefs and values in their scientific practice while the value of science itself including technological advancements and innovations in medicine are absorbed into the society. However, when considering some of the materials and content presented in some science books used by students in schools and colleges, one is left wondering whether these content forms any valuable basis for human civilization or advancement. For example, right from pre-school to college stage, people have been told about the â€Å"age of the world†, which by estimation is millions of years old. Since no one has had the opportunity to know ex cept the person who came up with the idea, people have come to subconsciously accept the claim without further consideration of empirical evidence, which is also lacking. Furthermore, the idea that science is based on knowledge drawn from empirical research and conclusive evidence seems inapplicable in some cases where the beliefs of some scientists are considered to hold as much as no alternative explanation is available. Therefore, it is time teachers stopped pumping information based on assumptive metaphysical data into the innocent minds of young people, and turned into equipping them with technical skills in telecommunication, medicine, and infrastructural innovations. Failure to do this, the inherent consequence is that many nations especially the United States will continue lagging behind in terms of technology and innovation because students are forced to study irrelevant information in books. Perhaps, one of the most irrelevant and probably one of the theories that downplay the importance of scientific evidence is the evolution theory. Dr. T.N. Tahmisian (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission) quotes that, â€Å"Scientists who go around teaching that evolution is a fact of life are great con-men, and the story they are telling may be the greatest hoax ever†. Conversely, Sir Arthur Keith notes that, â€Å"Evolution is unproved and improvable.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable.† It then follows from contemporary scientific practice that when a scientific theory lacks enough evidence to support any hypotheses drawn from it, it is discarded or reformulated. This implies that the evolution theory and others like the theory of Uniformitarian’s in geology should be scratched off the school curricular if no one scientist has been able to provide empirical evidence to support them (Heilmann, 2001). Accordingly, Tiger L. (an anthropologist at Rutgers University) notes that, â€Å"Darwinian science inevitably will, and should have legal, political and moral consequences.† Therefore, consider a case where evolution and other aspects of Darwinian science are being taught to young scholars. Chances are high that societies whose people are followers of these theories with little consideration for religion and evidence-based scientific studies are bound to e xperience many negative socio-political implications. For instance, reflect on the notion of survival for the fittest, does it reflect the conditions in the contemporary societies in the same way it is explained in science books. No, because the poor and disadvantaged many who are supposed to have an added advantage of numbers are overshadowed by the few rich in most societies. Furthermore, war and intergroup violence can also be partly advanced by the evolutionary theory with claims like it is human nature for those individuals in power to ensure that they remain in power by stirring the peace among the ruled (Heilmann, 2001). Overall, negative cultural values such as deception, selfishness, self-deception, mistrust, coercion, ethnic aggression, and overconfidence in the contemporary society are partly attributable to evolutionary science. Besides evolutionary science, historical evidence, atrocities, and events presented through history books and the print media form the most popu lar information sources in the contemporary societies. The risk of teaching the young scholars about the atrocities committed against their forefathers during the world wars, tribal crashes, and other forms of intergroup violence forms the basis for present day terrorist activities and mistrust between communities, ethnic groups, and countries. Here, Somit Peterson (2010, p. 3) note that besides culture, genetically-transmitted behavioral orientations, which also affect one’s behavior, arise from literally evolution. For example, many cases related to the willingness to sacrifice oneself for the sake of one’s religion adorn the news media quite often, and as historical evidence notes, cultural predispositions, which promote ethnic, religious, and ideological atrocities can only be fuelled by passing the culture from one generation to another. Therefore, what good is the history that the youth are taught in colleges today if it can only serve to open healing wounds abo ut the past events? Further studies note that the gap between the moral values championed by a certain culture and what the people practice in real life is very wide (Somit Peterson, 2010, p. 5). As a result, whether one is taught about all the moral behaviors in his or her culture, there are still some genetic proclivities, which determine the behavior of an individual to a greater extent. Therefore, instead of using historical evidence to remind someone about the past, these evidence should be used in such a way that it presents the good virtues in human history including the notion that history follows a predetermined path with a well defined end as envisioned in various religious teachings, supporting prosperous political theories, and advancing ethical or moral standards in the society (Corrigan, Dillon, Gunstone, 2007, 118). Conclusion This research paper presents an in-depth discussion on the influence of the values portrayed in popular media on their target audiences. In t he foregoing discussions, it was hypothesized that the values portrayed through popular media will directly influence the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the target audience when there are inconsistencies in their own cultural/social values. Further, the analysis of research findings supports the hypothesis by providing examples in which the negative or irrelevant information portrayed through all forms of popular media serve to influence the cultural and social values of an individual. From the discussions, it is apparent that many forms of the popular media are primary socializing forces, and thus when one is exposed to these forces, stakes are high that his or her perception of reality tends to fit into the content portrayed in the media. Therefore, considering that most forms of media reviewed in this research paper are targeted at young scholars, there is the risk that if these audiences are fed with the wrong information from infancy upwards, the future of human civilization and advancement is at stake. Furthermore, the fact that all forms of popular media including college books, news networks, social networks, the print media, and television programs play a pivotal role in guiding the society towards the ultimate good on one hand cannot be overlooked. On the other hand, these forms of popular media are known to advance harmful content, misconceptions, poor political theories/agendas, and propagandas to their target audiences as it can be noted from the foregoing discussions. Therefore, there is the need for these sources of information to embrace the culture of giving information from the two sides of the coin so that the whole truth comes to light. In so doing, chances are high that the target audience will benefit from the information by first knowing what one is dealing with before putting it into use. For instance, there is no doubt that science plays a major role in human advancement and civilization, and thus, there is the paramount need for te achers, lecturers, scientists, and other stakeholders to ensure that whatever they pass from one generation to another is evidence-based (Corrigan, Dillon, Gunstone, 2007, 118). References Allchin, D. (2009). Values in science: An introduction. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Corrigan, D., Dillon, J., Gunstone, R.F. (2007). The re-emergence of values in science education. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers. Dana, T.E. (2009). Determining values depicted in advertisements: A study of prime time television in New Zealand. USA: University of Canterbury. Heilmann, M. F. (2001). Social evolution and social influence: Selfishness, deception, and self-deception. Los Angeles, LA: University of California. Somit, A., Peterson, S.A. (2010). Human nature and public: An evolutionary approach. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Striphas, T. (2003). A dialectic with the everyday: Communication and cultural politics on Oprah Winfrey’s Book Club. Critical Studies in Media Commu nication, 20 (3), 295-316. This research paper on Values Portrayed in Popular Media was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Byrd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Korpus Linguistik Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Korpus Linguistik Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Korpus Linguistik Rosemary | 25 Mei 2014 [pic] 1.0 Pengenalan Apakah itu korpus linguistik? Corpus linguistik adalah satu kajian bahasa dan kaedah analisis linguistik yang menggunakan koleksi teks asli atau "sebenar perkataan" yang dikenali sebagai corpus. Corpus linguistik digunakan untuk menganalisis dan penyelidikan beberapa soalan linguistik dan menawarkan wawasan yang unik ke dalam dinamik bahasa yang telah menjadikan ia salah satu daripada metodologi linguistik yang paling banyak digunakan. Sejak corpus linguistik melibatkan penggunaan korpora besar yang terdiri daripada berjuta-juta atau kadangkala bilion kata-kata, ia banyak bergantung kepada penggunaan komputer untuk menentukan apa kaedah-kaedah mengawal bahasa dan apa patters (tatabahasa atau leksikal misalnya) berlaku. Oleh itu, ia tidak menghairankan bahawa linguistik korpus muncul dalam bentuk moden hanya selepas revolusi komputer pada 1980-an. The Brown Corpus, corpus moden dan boleh dibaca secara elektronik yang pertama, bagaimanapun, telah dicipta oleh Henry Kucera dan W. Nelson Francis seawal tahun 1960-an. 2.0 Kaedah korpus lingustik Corpus Linguistik telah menjana beberapa kaedah penyelidikan, cuba untuk mengesan laluan dari data teori. Wallis dan Nelson (2001) mula diperkenalkan apa yang mereka dipanggil perspektif 3A: Anotasi, Pengekstrakan dan Analisis. . Anotasi terdiri daripada permohonan skim untuk teks. . Pengekstrakan terdiri daripada terjemahan (pemetaan) istilah di dalam skim ini kepada terma dalam model didorong secara teori atau dataset. Pengekstrakan biasanya termasuk ahli bahasa-diarahkan carian tetapi mungkin termasuk contohnya, memerintah-pembelajaran untuk parsers. . Analisis terdiri daripada statistik menyelesaikan sesuatu, memanipulasi dan generalising dari dataset itu. Analisis mungkin termasuk penilaian statistik, pengoptimuman peraturan asas atau kaedah penemuan pengetahuan. Kebanyakan korpora leksikal hari ini adalah sebahagian-of-ucapan-tagged (POS-tagged). Walau bagaimanapun juga ahli bahasa corpus yang bekerja dengan 'teks biasa unannotated' tidak dapat tidak memohon kaedah untuk mengasingkan beberapa terma-terma penting. Dalam situasi ini anotasi dan abstraksi digabungkan dalam carian leksikal. Kelebihan menerbitkan corpus beranotasi ialah pengguna lain boleh melakukan uji kaji ke atas korpus. Ahli bahasa dengan kepentingan-kepentingan lain dan perspektif berbeza daripada ciptaan asal boleh mengeksploitasi kerja ini. Dengan berkongsi data, ahli bahasa corpus dapat merawat korpus sebagai lokus perdebatan linguistik, dan bukannya sebagai satu bentuk huruf lengkap pengetahuan. 3.0 Kelebihan korpus linguistik . Memberi akses kepada maklumat linguistik naturalistik. Seperti yang dinyatakan sebelum ini, korpora terdiri daripada "perkataan yang benar" teks yang kebanyakannya hasil daripada situasi kehidupan sebenar.Ini menjadikan korpora sumber kajian yang berharga untuk Dialektologi, sosiolinguistik dan gaya bahasa. . Memudahkan penyelidikan linguistik. Korpora boleh dibaca secara elektronik telah dikurangkan secara mendadak masa yang diperlukan untuk mencari perkataan atau frasa tertentu. Satu penyelidikan yang akan mengambil hari atau tahun untuk disiapkan secara manual boleh dilakukan dalam masa beberapa saat dengan tahap tertinggi ketepatan. . Membolehkan kajian pola yang lebih luas dan penempatan bersama kata- kata.Sebelum kemunculan komputer, linguistik korpus belajar hanya kata- kata tunggal dan kekerapan mereka. Teknologi moden dibenarkan kajian patters lebih luas dan penempatan bersama kata-kata. . Membolehkan analisis pelbagai parameter pada masa yang sama. Pelbagai program perisian linguistik korpus, pemasaran online dan alat-alat analitikal membenarkan penyelidik untuk menganalisis bilangan yang lebih besar daripada parameter serentak. Selain itu, banyak korpora diperkaya dengan pelbagai maklumat linguistik seperti anotasi. . Memudahkan kajian bahasa kedua. Kajian bahasa kedua dengan penggunaan bahasa semula jadi membolehkan pelajar untuk mendapatkan "perasaan" lebih baik untuk bahasa dan belajar bahasa seperti ia digunakan dalam sebenar dan bukannya "mencipta" situasi. 4.0 Kelemahan korpus lingustik . Tidak menjelaskan mengapa. Kajian korpora memberitahu kita apa dan bagaimana berlaku tetapi ia tidak memberitahu kami mengapa kekerapan perkataan tertentu telah meningkat dari masa ke masa misalnya. . Tidak mewakili keseluruhan bahasa. Korpus linguistik mengkaji bahasa dengan menggunakan korpora dipilih secara rawak atau sistematik. Mereka biasanya terdiri daripada sebilangan besar yang berlaku secara semulajadi teks, bagaimanapun, ia tidak mewakili keseluruhan bahasa. Analisis linguistik yang menggunakan kaedah dan alat linguistik korpus itu tidak mewakili keseluruhan bahasa. Deny Arnos Kwary dan Linguistik Korpus 02 March 2016 Dosen merupakan seseorang yang memiliki posisi terpenting dalam kelangsungan sistem pendidikan di setiap universitas seluruh dunia. Dosen akan selalu diharapkan agar dapat memberikan sebuah perkembangan besar dan signifikan dalam dunia akademik itu sendiri. Seakan membuktikan pernyataan tersebut, tahun ini salah seorang dosen sekaligus kepala Departemen Sastra Inggris Universitas Airlangga, Bapak Deny Arnos Kwary, tengah mengumumkan rencana penelitian besarnya yang harapannya akan menciptakan sebuah perkembangan besar dalam bidang yang beliau geluti, yaitu linguistik korpus. Penelitian tersebut berjudul Formulasi Klasifikasi Kosakata, Jenis Pemarkah Waktu, dan Bentuk Kalimat di Artikel Ilmiah Jurnal Internasional. Penelitian ini mendapatkan dana hibah dari Universitas Airlangga sebagai bentuk usaha universitas untuk meningkatkan publikasi ilmiah bagi tenaga-tenaga akademiknya. Dosen di Indonesia terus didorong untuk menggiatkan publikasi di tataran internasional. Akan tetapi, seringkali dosen kesulitan dalam mengumpulkan hasil penelitiannya ke jurnal-jurnal kelas

Definition of Theoretical Yield in Chemistry

Definition of Theoretical Yield in Chemistry Theoretical yield is the quantity of a product obtained from the complete conversion of the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction. It is the amount of product resulting from a perfect (theoretical) chemical reaction, and thus not the same as the amount youll actually get from a reaction in the lab.  Theoretical yield is commonly expressed in terms of grams or moles. In contrast to theoretical yield,  the actual yield  is the amount of product actually produced by a reaction. Actual yield is usually a smaller quantity because few chemical reactions proceed with 100% efficiency because of loss recovering the product and because other reactions may be occurring that reduce the product. Sometimes an actual yield is more than a theoretical yield, possibly because of a secondary reaction that yields additional product or because the recovered product contains impurities. The ratio between actual yield and theoretical yield is most often given as percent yield: Percent yield Mass of actual yield / Mass of theoretical yield x 100 percent How to Calculate Theoretical Yield Theoretical yield is found by identifying the limiting reactant of a balanced chemical equation. In order to find it, the first step is to balance the equation, if its unbalanced. The next step is to identify the limiting reactant. This is based on the mole ratio between the reactants. The limiting reactant is not found in excess, so the reaction cannot proceed once it is used up. To find the limiting reactant: If the quantity of reactants is given in moles, convert the values to grams.Divide the mass of the reactant in grams by its molecular weight in grams per mole.Alternatively, for a liquid solution, you can multiply the amount of a reactant solution in milliliters by its density in grams per milliliter. Then, divide the resulting value by the reactants molar mass.Multiply the mass obtained using either method by the number of moles of reactant in the balanced equation.Now you know the moles of each reactant. Compare this to the molar ratio of the reactants to decide which is available in excess and which will get used up first (the limiting reactant). Once you identify the limiting reactant, multiply the moles of limiting reaction times the ratio between moles of limiting reactant and product from the balanced equation. This gives you the number of moles of each product. To get the grams of product, multiply the moles of each product by its molecular weight. For example, in an experiment in which you prepare acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) from salicylic acid, you know from the balanced equation  for aspirin synthesis that the mole ratio between the limiting reactant (salicylic acid) and the product (acetylsalicylic acid) is 1:1. If you have 0.00153 moles of salicylic acid, the theoretical yield is: Theoretical yield 0.00153 mol salicylic acid x (1 mol acetylsalicylic acid / 1 mol salicylic acid) x (180.2 g acetylsalicylic acid / 1 mole acetylsalicylic acid Theoretical yield 0.276 grams acetylsalicylic acid Of course, when preparing aspirin, youll never get that amount. If you get too much, you probably have excess solvent or else your product is impure. More likely, youll get much less because the reaction wont proceed 100 percent and youll lose some product trying to recover it (usually on a filter).

Personal development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal development - Essay Example Learning theories also stress that behaviors are based on conditioning, and without experiences, it is not possible for an individual to shape his or her behavior in a positive way. Learning is a process, which makes a person perfect in all fields of life. We can take an example of a country’s laws, which are made by the government of that country to make the citizens live their lives accordingly. Laws are very important for the whole nation’s progress because they are solutions to all sorts of political and social problems. All citizens are supposed to respect the laws in order to live a peaceful and systematic life. If a person breaks a law, the law-enforcing department of that country punishes that person for breaking that specific law. Now that punishment will act as a process of learning for that person based on his personal experience, as he will never try to break that law again in life. Learning plays its part in all aspects of an individual’s life, such as, education, social interactions, decision-making, and professional life. In education, learning is an ongoing process. A child starts learning from a very early age in school and keeps on learning different behaviors and emotions, which he observes. Learning those behaviors and emotions are very important for a child in order to survive in society in a proper way. Education is another word for learning because it makes us aware of different things, which we do not know. Teachers make us view the life from different angles strengthening our process of learning. We get awareness about different subjects in schools and express the acquired knowledge in different social and professional environments. Learning also improves our social interactions in an effective manner. We learn different behaviors and expressions from the people around us and make use of those behaviors while interacting with other people. Effective social interactions need a good knowledge of all requirements of ef fective communication. When a person has required knowledge of how to communicate effectively with other people, he does not find any kind of difficulty in improving his social interactions. Without having knowledge of effective communication skills, a person can never interact properly with other people. Learning is a process, which improves our social interaction skills by making us acquire required knowledge related to effective communication essentials. Learning also helps us progress in our professional lives. A person interacts with other people, such as, colleagues and managers, and acquires knowledge, which helps that person progress in professional career. Effective workplace communication skills are essential for the success of an employee. Without learning effective communication skills, an employee can never achieve desired success in his professional life. An employee needs to learn how to interact effectively with colleagues and other officials in order to open the cha nces for professional success. Learning also helps us improve our decision-making abilities. Without good and sufficient knowledge, we cannot take correct decisions because decision-making needs knowledge of all aspects of a situation. Learning injects that knowledge in our minds based on our own experiences, which helps us take correct and the most suitable decision regarding any specific matter. Learning is an intangible process. â€Å"Our ability to learn and our intellectual capacity

Principles of Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Project Management - Essay Example Consideration of the research works of Rad & Levin (2006) reveals the fact that project management should not be viewed as ad-hoc process rather issues like internal communication within organization, ethical dilemma among project team members regarding project deliverables, leadership of project manager, knowledge sharing etc significantly impact project management methodologies. In such context, Melbourne (2003) stated that project managers play vital role in managing not only system aspect of the project management but also control the effect of the above mentioned issues. In simple word, certain level of skill attributes and competencies are required of a project manager in order to deliver successful project outcomes to client. It is evident from the arguments of above mentioned research scholars that success of project management significantly depends on people management, integration of organizational structure, development of communication model, ethics etc while certain leve l of skill and capabilities of project manager is needed in order to achieve project deliverables. ... analyzing duration of the project, budget estimation, developing draft of the project deliverables, planning, implementing the project plan, controlling the irregularities and finally closing the approach. Winch et al (2012) also argued that significant amount of symmetry exists between projects based management and organisational change process. However, Parker and Craig (2008) argued that project management can be temporary phase of the change management approach but it cannot be considered as robust measure of change process. For example, Parker and Craig (2008) and Parker et al. (2012) gave example of IT projects, construction projects where teams are being formed in accordance with client deliverables and project requirements and such teams are being dismantled after fulfilment of project objectives. At this point, a pertinent question may arise that whether people management is a temporary aspect in project management or not? To answer this question, the researcher will conside r the research works of Eve (2007) which was designed for highlighting the importance of organizational factors in project management. Although, teams are being formed in temporary basis during a particular project but without people management, it becomes difficult for project leaders to achieve project objectives. Eve (2007) conducted research on project management data of companies like AT&T, Hewlett Packard, GM and IBM and found that companies use Project Management Maturity models (PMMM) to synchronize the organizational aspects with mechanical framework of project management. Korbel and Benedict (2007) gave system definition of Project Management Maturity models (PMMM) which focuses more on benchmarking of performance and delivering value to customers. People play the role of

Lml Swot analysis Essay Example for Free

Lml Swot analysis Essay LML Ltd is an India-based Company that manufactures, sells and exports motorized two wheelers. The company operates in one segment, namely motorized two wheelers. They offer scooters, motorcycles, and mopeds, as well as spares and accessories. They are having their manufacturing facilities located at Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. LML Ltd was incorporated in the year 1972 as Lohia Machineries Ltd to manufacture machinery for the synthetic fibres industry. In the year 1983, the company commenced production of 100 cc scooters in technical collaboration with Piaggio VE, SpA, Italy. In the year 1984, the company incorporated a new company under the name and style of Vespa Car Company Ltd to manufacture 200,000 scooters and 50,000 three-wheelers annually. STRENGTH Vespa is an Italian line of scooters manufactured by Piaggio. The Vespa has evolved from a single model motor scooter manufactured in 1946 by Piaggio Co. S. p. A.of Pontedera, Italy—to a full line of scooters and one of seven companies today owned by Piaggio—now Europes largest manufacturer of two-wheeled vehicles and the worlds fourth largest motorcycle manufacturer by unit sales. Known for their painted, pressed steel unibody which combines a complete cowling for the engine, a flat floorboard , and a prominent front fairing , The Vespa was the first globally successful scooter. ?Vespa first came to India in 1960 with a collaboration with Bajaj Auto.? The technical collaboration ended in 1971 and Bajaj and Vespa parted ways. ?Vespa at that time was considered an iconic scooter brand globally and the brand was owned by Piaggio. ?Piaggio then joined hands with the Kanpur based Lohia Machines Ltd ( LML) in 1983 and started to roll out the Vespa range of Scooters. ?By that time Bajaj was ruling the market with the iconic Chetak . WEAKNESS Opportunities and Threats LML stands for the highest standards of technical expertise, product innovation and has one of the ?nest R D capabilities, particularly relating to designing, rapid prototyping, CAD CAM, tooling and industrialization. It is harnessing these strengths and its vast experience in the two-wheeler business coupled with a aggressive business strategy for its revival and turnaround. The Company is perhaps the ? rst in the world to obtain Euro III certi? cation for its 2-stroke vehicles and subsequent to restart, it has also received the upgraded ISO 9001-2008 certi? cation from DNV.

Compare and Contrast Between Rwanda and Darfur Genocide, from the Const

The analysis of the genocides that took place both in Rwanda and Sudan’s Darfur region exhibit some similarities as well as differences. The character of violence was similar in both cases, but in Rwanda the violence was more intense, participatory, and extraordinary. The violence in these two places took place in an environment that had experienced civil wars. It was a period of political transition which was further aggravated by ethnic nationalism and a conflict of ethnic populations that were living in close proximity. However, in the Rwandan genocide, the state is more centralized, compact, and effective. This is what explains the intensity and variation. The international response to these genocides through observers emphasized on using the genocide label to create domestic constituencies especially in the Rwandan case. The Darfur case however, revealed that both of these strategies are not effective. Responding to the genocide in Darfur, the US officials declared the label genocide to be occurring. Thereafter, a politically civil-society coalition emerged so as to lobby the administration. The net outcome of these two scenarios however was the same in the absence of effective policies that could halt the genocide. The Rwandan genocide has always acted as the point of reference for similar genocides taking place around the world. Since the 2003 crisis in Darfur, a lot of comparisons have been made to Rwandan genocide. Observers have likened the Darfur genocide to what happened in Rwanda and of course giving it two connotations. First, the violence in the western parts of Sudan has been referred to another Rwanda, by basing their arguments on the nature of the violence. Since whatever was happening in Darfur is similar t... ... different since the US was guided by the realism approach of not extending humanitarian help beyond their borders. Works cited Kupperman, Alan. Genocide: The Cases of Rwanda and Sudan. (2007) Retrieved from http://www.fpri.org/footnotes/1215.200705.kuperman.genociderwandasudan.html Lim, Timothy. Analyzing foreign policy: duties beyond borders? (2000) Retrieved from http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/tclim/F09_Courses/425f09_duties.pdf Merlingen, Michael. European security and defense policy: an implementation perspective, (2008). New York: Routledge publishers. Shapiro, Alan. Genocide in Darfur, Inaction in the Security Council Retrieved from http://www.teachablemoment.org/high/darfur.html Straus, Scott. Rwanda and Darfur: A Comparative Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/occasional/StrausGSP2006.pdf

Organ Donation Essay

The process of taking functional organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another individual is called organ donation. Whereas, any part of the body that performs a different and special function is referred to as an organ. Transplantation takes places quite successfully today between well-matched human beings. Majority of the organ recipients are able to live five or more years. Skin, cornea, bone marrow and kidney transplants are the most common today. Moreover, lung and heart transplants are also gaining precedence. In commonplace terms, organ donation is the removal of working, healthy organs from the body of an individual who had pledged while being alive that his organs could be donated to a person requiring it. Usually the tissues or organs are taken out in a manner similar to surgery. Moreover, all the incisions are clogged at the end. Organ donors can include people of all ages. It is not restricted to any particular group, nor is it restricted to any cert ain age limit. In the present era, organ transplantation is widely recognized as of the most gripping medical advancements. It is almost the elixir of life to individuals with deteriorating organs who require other fellow beings to donate them organs. With the increasing cases of organ failure in society and the insufficient supply of organs, there is an enormous gap between organ supply and organ demand. Subsequently, it takes ages for a person with deteriorating organs to get functioning organs from another being. Moreover, numerous deaths have been reported in that waiting. Thus, these events have aroused moral, societal and ethical concerns regarding the allocation of organs, supply and the use of surviving donors as volunteers, including those who qualify as minors. Unfortunately, it has spurred the practice of selling organs by money-makers for their own monetary gains and vested interests in many parts of the world by exploiting the poor. This has spurred corrupt practices where organ donation is concerned (Shroff, 2009). While we are on the subject of organ donation, an ethical issue is the procurement of organs and tissues. Firstly, this includes the buying and selling of human organs and tissues: There are some people who believe that human organs and tissues ought to be bought and sold in order to quantify the supply and show deference for other people’s autonomy. On the other hand, there are people who believe that treating any part of the body like a saleable good is a violation of human dignity. Organ donation has evolved considerably in the last 50 years. Following is a history of the procurement of organs and tissues. †¢ Successful transplantation of various organs Initially, organ transplantation started with kidneys, but now it has diversified to lungs, livers, hearts and other organs. It has slowly evolved to encompass various parts of the body. Progress in organ donation and cadaveric practices To decide who can donate organs has been a continuously evolving process. Firstly, it started with living donors and later moved on to include dead and brain dead donors. Even today, there are debates about growing and limiting the qualified donors. In the year of 2001, the surviving donors managed to even outnumber cadaveric donors. This was a milestone in the history of the United States. Formulation of anti-rejection drugs to enhance development and success The formulation of anti-rejection drugs has compounded the success of organ transplants. In the 1960s and 1970s, immunosuppressant drugs were used to increase the success rate of organ transplants (Flaman, 2008). Cyclosporine was stumbled upon in the 1980s. It greatly improved the success rate for patients undergoing transplants. The overall results were also improved. A phenomenon called xenotransplantation also became well-known – this entails the usage of animal organs for human transplantation. Subsequently, the firs t xenotransplantation was conducted in 1986. This breakthrough means of transplantation started gaining popularity and researchers started performing more intensive studies on it. The number of people who required organ transplantation started to multiply. The discovery of the first artificial organs In the 1980, the first artificial heart transplant took place which was followed closely by the American public and the news media. This basically involved segmenting organs into pieces (either from cadaveric donors or surviving donors). In 1996, the first split liver transplant too place. It permitted one cadaveric liver to be used among several patients who required a transplant. Stem cell research: This basically involves the examination of human embryo and adult’s cell in an endeavor to find out how organs are development and what stimulates their development. There are certain ethical concerns regarding how organs and tissues are obtained. For instance: a pharmaceutical company in France buys placentas from 110 Canadian hospitals in order to produce blood products and vaccines. However, there are some poor people in countries, such as India, who sell their kidneys for $700 or even more than that. There have also been cases reported in India where people have gained consci ousness after a kidnapping incident, only to discover that one of their organs has been removed in that process (Caplan, 2010). In regards to this issue, there are people who draw a difference between waste matter of humans, certain body parts that happen to regenerate such as blood and non-regenerative human organs such as kidneys. There are many people who differentiate profit making from covering the donor’s expenses. If a donor has to pay for organs, this can put undue pressure on him. It nullifies a contract or free consent. There are some people who are also fearful of the fact that if the buying and selling of organs became a notorious business, then it would undermine the nobility associated with organ transplants. It could be detrimental if the organ just went to the highest bidder. The equity would be compromised upon as donating organs would depend upon the ability to pay rather than finding out how they should be distributed. There are some people who argue that t his can be brought under control by monitoring sales. If the buying and selling of organs and human tissues is completely restricted, then it would drive the market underground. Since there are numerous controversies associated with the buying and selling of human parts, there are many who believe that other alternatives should be adopted (Thomas, 2009). Media Publicity There are several instances when an organ or tissue is acquired for a person by showcasing their need through the media. This could negate the other transplant channels through which it is normally obtained. Moreover, the correct criterion of selecting recipients, which is usually done on the basis of greatest needs and greater likelihood of benefit, can also be overlooked. However, publicity through media creates awareness in the public domain about the need for transplants and in the long run will increase the supply of organs and tissues. Voluntary consent basically entails a person making an intended offer to donate their organs after their demise. In the case of cadaver donation, a person can intimate their consent by advanced directives, such as by filling out the Universal Donor Card, part of their driver’s license. When the transplant is from a living donor, free consent is necessitated. However, it is best to have established consent regarding a deceased donor because this act exhibits love and responsible stewardship over one’s body. Moreover, it also communicates the wishes of health care professionals and family to the individual as well as others. When there is no pre-existing consent, the person who holds responsibility for the dead body should be approached regarding donation. It is imperative that the wish of the deceased person should be upheld. Medical ethics in organ donation has become imperative. This is basically a system comprising of moral principles that applies judgments and values to the process of organ donation. Autonomy is the sole prerogative of the individual to choose what happens to him/her even if this means dying in the process. In this regard, even if a person wishes to contribute his organs to another and thus die, he should not be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, fidelity entails adhering to the choices of someone, even if paying no heed to them would save another person’s life. Confidentiality means protecting the names of the donor from being let out in public or as per the desire of the patient. Hence, if a person prefers to remain unnamed while consenting to donate organs, his wish should be upheld. The team performing the transplantation can ask questions, but foremost it is imperative to prioritize the desire of the patient over anyone else (Truog, 2005). In order to address the ethical issues associated with organ donation stated above, it is important for health care professionals to be acquainted with the meaning of organ and tissue donation. They should be well-versed with the procedure of organ donation and to perform it in the best and most efficient manner possible. It would also be a good idea to render training to members of the health care team so that they can approach potential donors and families in a sensitive manner. To facilitate the process smoothly, they should be able enough to provide the necessary social and personal support during the process of mourning. Providers of health care also need to learn that respecting a dead person is a prerequisite of our humanity. It is also pertinent to mention that any reference to the deceased should be done with utmost sensitivity and using the most appropriate names. Furthermore, to compound the potential for transplants, providers of health care have a fundamental duty of rai sing the general level of awareness of needs. It should be done in a way that protects the rights and privacy of the patient, does not tamper with the medical process in any way and also does not remove attention from other urgent matters (NHMRC, 2012). References Shroff, Sunil, NCBI Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation, (2009), Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779960/ Flaman, Paul, Organ and Tissue Transplants: Some ethical issues, (2008), Retrieved from: http://www.ualberta.ca/~pflaman/organtr.htm Truog, Robert, The Ethics of Organ Donation by living Donors, (2005), Retrieved from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058155 Thomas, Chris, Ethics around Organ Donation, (2009), Retrieved from: https://www.chf.org.au/pdfs/hvo/hvo-2008-1-ethics-organ-donation.pdf NHMRC, Donating organs after death, (2012), Retrieved from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/e29.pdf Caplan, Arthur, Organ Procurement and Transplantation: Ethical and Practical Issues, (2010), Retrieved from: http://www.upenn.edu/ldi/issuebrief2_5.html

Indigenous Health Essay

?â€Å"This is the welfare generation, and that is incredibly sad. That will be judged in history as being far worse; I believe, than the stolen generation, because we are literally losing thousands and thousands of our indigenous brothers and sisters to the effect of welfare- drugs, gunja, low morale, alcoholism. I see it every day and it can stop. The solution is education, training and a guaranteed opportunity. † – Andrew Forrest Andrew Forrest suggests that aboriginal Australians are worse off now than in the past. To what extent do you agree that the Aboriginal Civil Rights movement essentially failed? Legal rights- ref Wik Mabo Land rights Equal wages Publicity- to be noticed Reactions from politicians Freedom rides Sorry speeches Measures of equality Health + literacy stats Life expectancy Social attitude Racism- Adam goods in football Disease The 20th century has born witness to the ever changing landscape of the treatment of the Australian indigenous community. Throughout this period it has been stated that the Civil Rights Movements initial goals of total equality for indigenous and non-indigenous Australians has failed to some extent and has not fulfilled what it has initially intended to do. These statements can be seen as partially incorrect as the Civil Rights movement had some success in highlighting the plight of the indigenous Australian and generating some sort of action in Aboriginal issues and affairs. However, it is true that in some respects various factors of the Aboriginal Civil Rights movement have primarily succeeded, through publicity and legal rights. One fundamental success of the Civil rights movement in Australia was its ability to publicise the issues, and draw attention to the plight of the Australian indigenous population. The civil rights activists were able to use the media to voice their opinion; this was of great significance because this inevitably meant that there was a wide range of support for the movement from the non-indigenous society. For example the 1965 Freedom ride demonstrated to what lengths people were willing to take to expose the level of discrimination against indigenous people was a success. Led by Charlie Perkins, students travelled through western, northern and coastal New South Wales. The students who participated were for the most part non-aboriginal and had been involved in organised protests in Sydney. The tour started as a fact-finding mission but eventually ended as a protest against segregation across Australia. The Ride was to highlight examples of segregation including public pools, picture theatres and pubs, where Aboriginal people were declined entry. Perkins and the students helps to bring the ingrained discrimination and racism in NSW towns to the attention of the wider Australian public, and was part of a broader push for Aboriginal Civil Rights taking place across the county. Another success through publicity was the formal apology from former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. He apologised to Indigenous Australians for poor or unwise treatment from the time of the European settlement through to recent years. Another example of a successful movement, through a public awareness campaign enabled a referendum to change the constitution which enables indigenous Australians to be recognised in the census. In 1967 the Holt government had rejected the land rights to the Gurindji people at Wave Hill. Recognising that there were inequalities to address, however Holt called a referendum to count Aborigines in the Australian census that same year. The referendum was most successful ever passed, with over 90 per cent of Australians agreeing to the application. The Mabo case in 1992 was one of the most significant moments in relations between indigenous and non-indiginious Australians and enabled the High Court of Australia to deliver its landmark Mabo decision, which rewrote the Australian common law and gave a massive boost to the struggle for the recognition of aboriginal rights. Eddie Mabo led the Meriam people and took action to the high court to overturn the doctrine of terra nullius. However if the original protagonists of civil rights here in Australia were alive I believe that they would believe that their dream has been deferred . This is because the original goals of the Civil Rights Movement failed because they did not achieve their initial objectives. Andrew Forrest states that â€Å"Aboriginal are worse off than in the past. † Australian Bureau of Statistics figures show that Indigenous Australians accounted for around 25% of Australia’s prison population in 2009. The age-standardised imprisonment rate for Indigenous people was 1,891 people over 100,000 of adult population, while only 136 for non-Indigenous Australians; which meant the imprisonment rate for Aborigines was 14 times higher than that of a non-indigenous person. Data showed that from 1989-200, 15. 7 per cent of homicide offenders and 15. 1 per cent of homicide victims were Indigenous. There is also a great variance in comparing Aboriginal life expectancy to a non-Indigenous person. Aboriginal people are expected to die more than 10 years earlier than non-Aboriginal Australians. The life expectancy is so low because Aboriginal health standards in Australia are so depraved that 45% of Aboriginal men and 34% of women die before the age of 45. 71% die before they reach the age of 65. Literacy rates among Aboriginal students are lowest in remote communities; reasons include low literacy of parents and poor school attendance. 30 per cent of Aboriginal adults lack basic literacy skills. Conversely racism in Australia is perceived as immoral and degraded, it is classified as intolerable. The Adam Goodes incident which included a 13 year old girl calling the Indigenous footballer an ape sparked opprobrium from all quarters. The effect of these remarks is simply to highlight how deeply racism runs through our community. There is no way of avoiding the conclusion that within us all there is a racist streak. Australia has come a long way in addressing racism in society, but the job is still a long way from being complete. The cumulative low literacy standards, increasing criminal statistics, the year gap in life expectancy as well as racism still exists are far more important measures of failures to the Civil rights movement. In this context, Forrest states about the state of contemporary aboriginal Australia is somewhat significant has some merit. Andrew Forrest suggests that Aboriginals are more beneficial to be living in the past rather than the present. His statement to some extent has merit; however there have been many successful events in the Aboriginal Civil Rights Movement that speak otherwise. Actions that have received accomplishment are firstly, publicising the discrimination and inequality toward non-Indigenous people. The significance of awareness led to a referendum to change the constitution, which allowed Aborigines to be recognised in the census. Political and legal change was substantial as demonstrated by the recognition of indigenous land rights. However these successes do not essentially achieve the aims of the Civil Rights Movement, and that the life expectancy, literacy gap as well as criminal records are more important measures of the failures of activism than the rather less perceptible gains by politicians. Forrest‘s solution is an accurate approach to the problem, with education, training and guaranteed opportunity Australia can change the living habits of the Aboriginal people.

CalcI_Limits_Solutions Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

CalcI_Limits_Solutions Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers CALCULUS I Solutions to Practice Problems Limits Paul Dawkins Calculus I Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Limits.............................................................................................................................................. 2 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines......................................................................................................... 2 The Limit..................................................................................................................................................12 One-Sided Limits .....................................................................................................................................20 Limit Properties.......................................................................................................................................27 Computing Limits ....................................................................................................................................36 Infinite Limits ..........................................................................................................................................43 Limits At Infinity, Part I...........................................................................................................................56 Limits At Infinity, Part II .........................................................................................................................68 Continuity.................................................................................................................................................75 The Definition of the Limit......................................................................................................................90 2007 Paul Dawkins i http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx Calculus I Preface Here are the solutions to the practice problems for my Calculus I notes. Some solutions will have more or less detail than other solutions. The level of detail in each solution will depend up on several issues. If the section is a review section, this mostly applies to problems in the first chapter, there will probably not be as much detail to the solutions given that the problems really should be review. As the difficulty level of the problems increases less detail will go into the basics of the solution under the assumption that if youve reached the level of working the harder problems then you will probably already understand the basics fairly well and wont need all the explanation. This document was written with presentation on the web in mind. On the web most solutions are broken down into steps and many of the steps have hints. Each hint on the web is given as a popup however in this document they are listed prior to each step. Also, on the web each step can be viewed individually by clicking on links while in this document they are all showing. Also, there are liable to be some formatting parts in this document intended for help in generating the web pages that havent been removed here. These issues may make the solutions a little difficult to follow at times, but they should still be readable. Limits Rates of Change and Tangent Lines 1. For the function ( ) ( ) 2 fx x = + 3 2 and the point P given by x = 3 answer each of the following questions. (a) For the points Q given by the following values of x compute (accurate to at least 8 decimal places) the slope, mPQ , of the secant line through points P and Q. (i) -3.5 (ii) -3.1 (iii) -3.01 (iv) -3.001 (v) -3.0001 (vi) -2.5 (vii) -2.9 (viii) -2.99 (ix) -2.999 (x) -2.9999 (b) Use the information from (a) to estimate the slope of the tangent line to f x( ) at x = 3 and write down the equation of the tangent line. 2007 Paul Dawkins 2 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx Calculus I (a) For the points Q given by the following values of x compute (accurate to at least 8 decimal places) the slope, mPQ , of the secant line through points P and Q. (i) -3.5 (ii) -3.1 (iii) -3.01 (iv) -3.001 (v) -3.0001 (vi) -2.5 (vii) -2.9 (viii) -2.99 (ix) -2.999 (x) -2.9999 [Solution] The first thing that we need to do is set up the formula for the slope of the secant lines. As discussed in this section this is given by, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 33 2 3 3 3 PQ fx f x m x x + = = + Now, all we need to do is construct a table of the value of mPQ for the given values of x. All of the values in the table below are accurate to 8 decimal places, but in this case the values terminated prior to 8 decimal places and so the trailing zeros are not shown. x mPQ x mPQ -3.5 -7.5 -2.5 -4.5 -3.1 -6.3 -2.9 -5.7 -3.01 -6.03 -2.99 -5.97 -3.001 -6.003 -2.999 -5.997 -3.0001 -6.0003 -2.9999 -5.9997 (b) Use the information from (a) to estimate the slope of the tangent line to f x( ) at x = 3 and write down the equation of the tangent line. [Solution] From the table of values above we can see that the slope of the secant lines appears to be moving towards a value of -6 from both sides of x = 3 and so we can estimate that the slope of the tangent line is : m = 6 . The equation of the tangent line is then, y f mx = + = + = ( 3 3 3 6 3 ) ( ( )) ( x ) y x6 15 Here is a graph of the function and the tangent line. 2007 Paul Dawkins 3 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx Calculus I 2. For the function gx x ( ) = + 4 8 and the point P given by x = 2 answer each of the following questions. (a) For the points Q

Using the ArrayList in Java

Using the ArrayList in Java Standard arrays in Java are fixed in the number of elements they can have. If you want to increase of decrease the elements in an array then you have to make a new array with the correct number of elements from the contents of the original array. An alternative is to use the ArrayList class. The ArrayList class provides the means to make dynamic arrays (i.e., their length can increase and decrease). Import Statement import java.util.ArrayList; Create an ArrayList An ArrayList can be created using the simple constructor: ArrayList dynamicArray new ArrayList(); This will create an ArrayList with an initial capacity for ten elements. If a larger (or smaller) ArrayList is required the initial capacity can be passed to the constructor. To make space for twenty elements: ArrayList dynamicArray new ArrayList(20); Populating the ArrayList Use the add method to append a value to the ArrayList: dynamicArray.add(10); dynamicArray.add(12); dynamicArray.add(20); Note: The ArrayList only stores objects so although the above lines appear to add int values to ArrayList the are automatically changed to Integer objects as they are appended to the ArrayList. A standard array can be used to populate an ArrayList by converted it to a List collection using the Arrays.asList method and adding it to the ArrayList using the addAll method: String[] names {Bob, George, Henry, Declan, Peter, Steven}; ArrayList dynamicStringArray new ArrayList(20); dynamicStringArray.addAll(Arrays.asList(names)); One thing to note about ArrayList is the elements dont have to be of the same object type. Even though the dynamicStringArray has been populated by String objects, it still can accept number values: dynamicStringArray.add(456); To minimize the chance of errors its best to specify the type of objects you want the ArrayList to contain. This can be done at the creation stage by using generics: ArrayList dynamicStringArray new ArrayList(20); Now the if we try to add an object that isnt a String a compile-time error will be produced. Displaying the Items in an ArrayList To display the items in an ArrayList the toString method can be used: System.out.println(Contents of the dynamicStringArray: dynamicStringArray.toString()); which results in: Contents of the dynamicStringArray: [Bob, George, Henry, Declan, Peter, Steven] Inserting an Item into the ArrayList An object can be inserted anywhere into the ArrayList index of elements by using the add method and passing the position for the insertion. To add the String Max to the dynamicStringArray at position 3: dynamicStringArray.add(3, Max); which results in (dont forget the index of an ArrayList starts at 0): [Bob, George, Henry, Max, Declan, Peter, Steven] Removing an Item from an ArrayList The remove method can be used to remove elements from the ArrayList. This can be done in two ways. The first is to supply the index position of the element to be removed: dynamicStringArray.remove(2); the String Henry in postion 2 has been removed: [Bob, George, Max, Declan, Peter, Steven] The second is to supply the object to be removed. This will remove the first instance of the object. To remove Max from the dynamicStringArray: dynamicStringArray.remove(Max); The String Max is no longer in the ArrayList: [Bob, George, Declan, Peter, Steven] Replacing an Item in an ArrayList Rather than removing an element and inserting a new one in its place the set method can be used to replace an element in one go. Just pass the index of the element to be replaced and the object to replace it with. To replace Peter with Paul: dynamicStringArray.set(3,Paul); which results in: [Bob, George, Declan, Paul, Steven] Other Useful Methods There are a number of useful methods to help navigate the contents of an arraylist: The number of elements contained within an ArrayList can be found using the size method: System.out.println(There are now dynamicStringArray.size() elements in the ArrayList);After all our manipulations of dynamicStringArray were down to 5 elements:There are now 5 elements in the ArrayList Use the indexOf method to find the index position of a particular element: System.out.println(The index position of George is : dynamicStringArray.indexOf(George));The String George is in index position 1:The index position of George is : 1 To clear all the elements from an ArrayList the clear method is used: dynamicStringArray.clear(); Sometimes it can be useful to see if the ArrayList has any elements at all. Use the isEmpty method: System.out.println(Is the dynamicStringArray empty? dynamicStringArray.isEmpty());which after clear method call above is now true:Is the dynamicStringArray empty? true

Problem statement Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem statement - Research Proposal Example Globalization continues to be an important phenomenon that drives the very basis upon which the modern economic climate functions (Kolsaker and Lee-Kelley, 2008). Meanwhile, the whole idea of globalization has been found to be an unfeasibility in the absence of a well harmonized network security (Kirschner, Buckingham and Carr, 2002). But often as companies try to take advantage of globalization and for that matter network security, the problem of cyber crime draws their aspirations back. Lately, the public perception associated with the embracement of electronic commerce has dwindled drastic because of how insecurity network security has become (Layton, 2007). Current research shows that as much as the problem of cyber crime continues to unfold in various types of data theft for the operation and regularization of electronic commerce, the interest of the public to be involved in electronic commerce continues to go down (Peltier, 2001). Consequently, companies and other corporate bodies that rely on the services of computer networking through electronic commerce become the losers due to growing incidence of computer insecurity (Hung, Chang and Yu, 2006). The current research that the problem seeks to address has to do with the impact of data and information insecurity through cyber insecurity on electronic commer ce. Hung, S.-Y., Chang, C.-M. & Yu, T.-J. (2006). Determinants of user acceptance of the e-Government services: The case of online tax filing and payment system, Government Information Quarterly, 23(3), pp. 97–122. Lin, F., Fofanah, S.S. & Liang, D. (2011). Assessing citizen adoption of e-Government initiatives in Gambia: A validation of the technology acceptance model in information systems success, Government Information Quarterly, 28(2), pp.

Answering two questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answering two questions - Essay Example Secondly, in arbitration, the arbitrator is given the power to make a decision whereas in mediation both parties are given authority to control the outcome of the agreement. Thirdly, arbitration requires extensive information for accurate judgment by the arbitrator whereas mediation exchange of information is always voluntary. Lastly, arbitration is always a formal process whereas mediation is an informal process. The two are however similar because they both aim at solving a conflict or dispute between parties involved. In the garner situation, the legal issue was the excessive use of police force during his seizure although this was not the case because under NYPD rules the officer’s action was allowed. In my opinion, it is false to say that the officers involved were objectively unreasonable to the victim leading to his death after being forced to place his head on the pavement in spite of saying that he could breathe well. The rule of law stated that the officer involved was only to be indicted if found out that he had malice or intent to hurt Garner. In sum his death was judged to be as result of intervening medical conditions. The legal issue here is resisting arrest and unlawful possession of marijuana leading to death of the victim. In the Radio Rahim situation, excessive use of police officers was not necessary because the victim in question was walking on a sidewalk. The law allowed a certain amount of force to be used and not excessive force to be used when arresting unarmed victim who posed no danger to the officer. In my opinion, it would have prudent enough fore the police officer to approach the victim and ID him before taking any action against like use of excessive force on him. Moreover, using excessive force on an unarmed civilian totally shows how clouded the police officers mind are in making judgments as there are several

E-book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-book - Essay Example The researchers employed survey type of data gathering. E-mail questionnaires were sent which facilitated the survey of researches in the academic and research environment, specifically in the Indian Institute of Science and Technology about their use of e-books on their line of work. This helped the researchers gather the pertinent information on the completion of the research. The survey was done on July 2004 and was drafted according to the objectives drawn by the researchers which gave birth to 27 questions. Of the 101 questionnaires that were completed, 85 (84.15 percent) were from students, 16 (15.84 percent) were from staff. Of the surveyed respondents, 37 were able to use the free trial offer between June and July 2004. This data represents 36.63 percent of the 101 respondents and 1.66 staff as a whole. Meanwhile, the results showed that 29.40 percent or 60 of the 101 had used e-books at least once. Simply put, the responses gathered from the data gathering procedure show that the students are more inclined in this kind of technology more than the faculty members and staff.

Analysis of Model of Service Delivery in Paediatric Care

Analysis of Model of Service Delivery in Paediatric Care Successful implementation of a paediatric community home nursing service as a model of service delivery in acute paediatric care Abstract Aim: The aim of this pilot service development was determine if CommunityChildrensNursingOutreach Team (CCNOT) service as a model of care was effective in its delivery of reducing unscheduled care and admissions to hospital and improving patient satisfaction. Methods: The following outcomes were determined:1)reducing length of hospital stay 2) reducing Accident and Emergency admissions 2)reducing non-elective admissions 3) reducing readmissions and 4)improving patient satisfaction. Results: The data indicates that AE attendances had reduced by 5% per month, NEL admissions had reduced by 15.8%, readmissions had reduced by 17.3% and the overall LOS was increased by 2.3%. The results of the patent satisfaction survey shows overall a high patient satisfaction for the service. Conclusions: Paediatric CCNOT service as a model of service delivery in acute paediatric care is effective in reducing hospital admissions and increases patient and carer satisfaction with care provision for sick children in the home environment. Key Phrases: Paediatric community home nursing service as a model of service delivery within acute paediatric care is effective in reducing AE admissions, non-elective admissions and readmissions. It significantly increases patient and carer satisfaction with care provision for sick children with appropriate conditions in the home environment. Paediatric community home nursing should be implemented with nurses trained in paediatrics and with clear clinical governance, pathways and robust documentation. Introduction Paediatric emergency admissions and length of stay in hospitals in the United Kingdom are increasing (Kyle et al. 2013). Community home nursing service or CommunityChildrensNursingOutreach Teams (CCNOTs) have been developed to manage acutely ill children athome, to reduce length on inpatient hospital stay andto reduce demand for unscheduled care (Hall et al. 2005). The CCNOT model of care has been shown in a previous randomised controlled trial comparing an acute paediatric hospital at home scheme with conventional hospital care as a clinically acceptable form of care for management of acute paediatric illness (Sartain et al. 2002). Referral pathways to CCNOTs may reduce avoidable admissions and minimise the psychosocial impact of hospitalisation on children and families, and reduce the financial costs to the National Health Service (NHS). Paediatricians and commissioners face considerable challenges in light of recent budget cuts in the NHS. Research undertaken by the University of Central Lancashire and the University of the West of England for the Department of Health described the importance of reliable, accessible expert community home nursing provision to families to enable them to care for their child at home and recorded the families’ deep frustration at the patchy, fragmented postcode lottery provision of services that currently exists (Department of Health 2011). Background Services that meet the needs of children and their families must continue to be provided in a safe, high quality and sustainable manner. In our desire to improve the quality of care in paediatric services in the face of rising public expectations, there is a need for change within new working hours and new ways of providing. The case for change can be complex, with decisions made to balance key areas of clinical effectiveness, best practice, patient safety, accessibility, staff retention and sustainability. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) recognises the importance of ensuring that services for children are designed to provide high quality care as close to home as possible and that such services need to adapt and respond to the demands and needs of the patient. The Colleges current work to model the future configuration of paediatric services discussed the move towards delivering acute care within the community such as community home nursing service (RCPCH 20 05). The aim of this pilot service development was determine if CCNOT service as a model of care was effective and efficient in its delivery of reducing unscheduled care and admissions to hospital and improving patient satisfaction. Methods Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) are responsible for planning and designing of the local health services in England. Within a dual-site integrated care organisation Southport and Ormskirk NHS Trust, a pilot CCNOT service was developed in March 2013 following negotiations between the Trust and the CCGs in Sefton and Lancashire. The remit of the pilot service specification aims were to determine the effectiveness of CCNOT in the following outcomes 1) reducing length of hospital stay 2) reducing Accident and Emergency admissions 2) reducing non-elective admissions 3) reducing readmissions and 4) improving patient satisfaction. Funding was sought for 7.2 WTE paediatric trained nurses at band 5 to 6 and 0.5 WTE admin and Clerical support staff. CCNOT referrals were taken from accident and emergency, the short stay paediatric admissions unit (SSPAU), the inpatient ward and from the tertiary hospital Alder Hey Foundation Trust for patients residing in North Sefton, Formby and West Lancashire, which covers a population of approximately 300,000. Collaborations were made with Pharmacy, IT and specialist services to develop robust e-discharge summaries from the community and the ability for CCNOT to deliver three times daily intravenous antibiotics in patient’s homes 7 days a week. The service ran from 7am to 10pm seven days a week. It was also necessary to set up all the operational aspects of the team including admission criteria, clear clinical governance and pathways, robust documentation and purchasing necessary equipment. The service was managed overall by the Paediatric and Neonatal matron. The CCNOT was led by the paediatric matron with regular supervision and mentorship of a lead CCNOT Consultant Paediatrician. Clear clinical criterias for referrals made to CCNOT were developed and clinical pathways were followed to ensure that each referral pathway was safe and robust. (see Figure 1) Any referral was discussed with the CCNOT between a Registrar or a Consultant. Each diagnostic pathway was clearly followed by the CCNOT team with any deviation discussed with the lead Consultant Paediatrician. Daily handovers from the medical teams were attended by a lead CCNOT member of the day to ensure that any referrals made were handed over verbally and any potential referrals during the day were anticipated. The handovers were also an opportunity to discuss the progress of any patient who remained under the care of the CCNOT. A structured patient satisfaction questionnaire was conducted with participants who were referred to CCNOT at the time of discharge. Hospital admissions between April 1, 2012 and September 30, 2013 from the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) were obtained. HES is the national administrative database for hospital activity in England and contains data on all inpatient admissions in the National Health Service. Results The data collected shows activity from April 2012 to September 2013. The results of the pilot service for 1) average length of hospital stay (LOS) 2) Accident and Emergency (AE) admissions 2) non-elective admissions (NEL) 3) and readmissions are summarised in Table 1 comparing the period before CCNOT was implemented (April to September 2012) and the period after CCNOT was implemented (April to September 2013), during the same months of the year. The data showed that there were 28.3% referrals made from AE, 38.7% from inpatient ward, 11% from SSPAU, 8.9% from outpatient clinics, 12.5% from the regional tertiary centre and 0.6% from another district general hospital. The data indicates that following the implementation of the pilot, AE attendances had reduced by 5% per month, NEL admissions had reduced by 15.8%, readmissions had reduced by 17.3% and the overall LOS was increased by 2.3%. Figure 2 shows that there has been a 5% reduction in AE attendances since the introduction of the CCNOT team. NEL admissions was reduced by 15.8% a shown and although the drop in AE attendances will be reflected in the reduction in non-elective admissions, this will only account for 5% of the over 15% reduction. The readmission rate has significantly reduced by 17.3% since CCNOT service was implemented. The sources of referral overall were 28.3% from AE, 38.7% from inpatient wards, 11% from SSPAU, 8.9% from outpatient clinics, 12.5% from the regional children’s centre and 0.6% from other district general hospitals out of area. Overall patient satisfaction was very high and the results are shown in Table 2. Discussion CCNOT pilot service had a positive impact on the performance of the paediatric department in reducing Accident and Emergency admissions, reducing non-elective admissions and reducing readmissions. It was noted that there was a very slight increase of LOS by 2.3% which were noted to be an average of 0.88 days compared to 0.9 days which were not significant. The CCNOT service also improved the patient and family experience considerably from the results of the patient satisfaction survey. The confidence in CCNOT’s competence to safely manage acutely ill children athomeand secure rapid referral to the medical team if a childs condition deteriorated were supported by clear clinical pathways and the regular supervision given by the matron and Consultant Paediatricians. The effectiveness of hometreatment were evident from the results of the patent satisfaction survey. The National Service Framework for Diabetes have advised clinicians and Trusts to achieve current targets by providin g high quality care with novel strategies. One instrument to meet these challenges is the development of a paediatric community home nursing service with CCNOT teams as a service model of care in acute paediatrics in the face of reconfiguration of paediatric services. We have shown in this pilot service that CCNOT has been highly successful in achieving the targets for reducing length of hospital stay, reducing hospital admission from accident and emergency and improving overall patient satisfaction. CCNOT service compared to inpatient hospital stay have been found to be acceptable and preferable to parents and children although there is limited evidence about the clinical and cost-effectiveness of paediatric home care (Sartain et al. 2001, Spiers et al. 2011,Bagust et al. 2002). Concerns have also been raised that children’s emergency admissions in England may indicate that parents often bypass primary care when seeking care for their acutely ill child, perhaps due to lack of availability of out of hours services within primary care (Gibson et al. 2010) The option of referral to CCNOT provides care to children at home by nurses with paediatric training, and has the potential to avoid some onward referrals and preventable admissions. The CC NOT service may be further expanded to provide support within primary care service, however, within the remit of our pilot service specification, the current funding is not sufficient to allow coverage for the populations of GP referrals unless the number of WTE staff is further increased. The relative success of our CCNOT in securing high referrals suggests that an incremental approach to encourage GP referrals is likely to result in increased GP referral rates. This development must be underpinned by financial and organisational investment. In light of modern NHS in England, and in similar health systems, it is generally agreed that the main focus of paediatric acute services should be the care and support of vulnerable children and young people in the community and as close to home as possible (RCPCH 2009). Financial and organisational investment in the development of CCNOT in acute care pathways are a prerequisite for the success describe in this pilot scheme. It is anticipated that in the future, paediatric services will be delivered by consultants leading a team of trained doctors, nurses and health care professionals working within a multi-disciplinary and skill-mixed team delivering care in the community. Pressures in delivering acute paediatric care also relates to changes in the way junior doctors are trained and the recent years application of European Working Time Regulations have required an increase in numbers of trained doctors to provide 24/7 cover in hospital. This increase has sometimes been at the expen se high vacancy rates for medical staff and in particular a national shortage of middle grade paediatric medical doctors is experienced across England, Scotland and Wales (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 2011). There remains limited existing research on the cost effectiveness, development, design and distribution of CCNOT service across acute paediatric care in the UK. Conclusion Paediatric CCNOT service as a model of service delivery in in acute paediatric care is effective in reducing AE admissions, non-elective admissions and readmissions. It also significantly increases patient and carer satisfaction with care provision for sick children with appropriate conditions in the home environment. Our findings identify key factors that may inform the development of a CCNOT service in acute paediatric care to safely manage children at home. Relevance to clinical practice Delivering acute care within the community such as community home nursing service may reduce demand for unscheduled care and reduce the financial cost to the National Health Service in UK. Paediatric community home nursing service as a model of service delivery within acute paediatric care is effective in reducing AE admissions, non-elective admissions and readmissions. It significantly increases patient and carer satisfaction with care provision for sick children with appropriate conditions in the home environment. Paediatric community home nursing should be implemented with nurses trained in paediatrics and with clear clinical governance, pathways and robust documentation. References Bagust A, Haycox A, Sartain SA, Maxwell MJ, Todd P. Economic evaluation of an acute paediatric hospital at home clinical trial.Arch Dis Child.2002;87:489–492. Department of Health 2011; NHS at Home: Community Children’s Nursing Services. Gibson NP, Jelnek GA, Jiwa M, Lynch A-M. Paediatric frequent attenders at emergency departments: a linked-data population study.J Paediatr Child Heal.2010;46:723–728. Hall D, Sowden D. Primary care for children in the 21st century.BMJ.2005;330:430. Kyle RG,Banks M,Kirk S,Powell P,Callery P.Avoiding inappropriatepaediatricadmission: facilitating General Practitioner referral to Community Childrens Nursing Teams. BMC Family Practice2013 Jan 5;14:4 Sartain SA, Maxwell MJ, Todd PJ, Jones KH, Bagust A, Haycox A, Bundred P. Randomised controlled trial comparing an acute paediatric hospital at home scheme with conventional hospital care.Arch Dis Child.2002;87(5):371–375 Spiers G, Parker G, Gridley K, Atkin KP. The psychosocial experience of parents receiving care closer to home for their ill child.Health Soc Care Comm.2011;19(6):653–660 Supporting Paediatric Reconfiguration: A Framework for Standards RCPCH 2009 Sartain SA, Maxwell MJ, Todd PJ, Haycox AR, Bundred PE. Users’ views on hospital and home care for acute illness in childhood.Health Soc Care Comm.2001;9:108–117. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 2011 Medical Workforce Census Table 1: Outcomes Table 2. Results of the patient experience survey Number of responses: 33 (54% return) Legends: Figure 1: Referral pathway to CCNOT service Figure 2: AE Attendances April 2012-September 2013